Cooling Tower Operating Conditions
Cooling Tower Performance
Cooling Range
°F
Approach
°F (CWT − WBT)
Heat Rejected
Cooling Tons
Heat Rejected
MBH
Water Balance & Make-Up Requirements
Evaporation
GPM
Drift Loss
GPM
Blowdown
GPM
Total Make-Up
GPM
Evaporation = 0.85% of flow per 10°F range (approx). Blowdown = Evaporation / (CoC − 1). Make-up = Evaporation + Drift + Blowdown. Actual values depend on tower design, fill type, and ambient conditions.
About This Calculator

This cooling tower calculator computes heat rejection, range, approach, and the full water balance from operating conditions. Enter the hot and cold water temperatures, entering wet-bulb temperature, circulating flow, cycles of concentration, and drift loss; the tool returns cooling range, approach, heat rejected in tons and MBH, and the evaporation, drift, blowdown, and total make-up flows in GPM.

It also screens for common operating concerns — a tight approach below 5°F, a leaving water temperature above 95°F, and the Legionella growth band between 68°F and 113°F — so you can flag tower selection and water-treatment issues early.

Formula & Method
RangeHWT − CWT  (°F)
ApproachCWT − WBT  (°F)
Heat rejectedTons = GPM × Range ÷ 24  ·  MBH = Tons × 12
EvaporationGPM × 0.0085 × (Range ÷ 10)
BlowdownEvaporation ÷ (CoC − 1)
Make-upEvaporation + Drift + Blowdown

These follow standard cooling-tower and CTI practice. The factor 24 converts GPM and range to tons (one ton = 12,000 BTU/hr, and water heat transfer is GPM × ΔT × 500 BTU/hr, so 12,000 ÷ 500 = 24). Evaporation is approximated at ≈0.85% of circulating flow per 10°F of range, the common rule of thumb — actual evaporation varies with fill type and ambient conditions. Blowdown controls dissolved-solids buildup through the cycles of concentration.

Frequently Asked Questions
What are range and approach on a cooling tower?
Range is the temperature drop of the water across the tower, equal to the hot water entering temperature minus the cold water leaving temperature. Approach is how close the leaving water gets to the entering air wet-bulb temperature, equal to cold water temperature minus wet-bulb temperature. Range depends on heat load and flow; approach depends on tower size and ambient wet-bulb, and a smaller approach requires a larger tower.
How is cooling tower heat rejection in tons calculated?
Heat rejected equals flow in GPM times range in degrees F divided by 24. The 24 comes from one ton of cooling being 12,000 BTU/hr divided by 500, the factor that converts GPM and delta-T to BTU/hr for water. This tool also reports the result in MBH, which is tons times 12 (since one ton equals 12 MBH).
How much make-up water does a cooling tower need?
Make-up replaces three losses: evaporation, drift, and blowdown. Evaporation is estimated at about 0.85 percent of circulating flow per 10 degrees F of range. Blowdown equals evaporation divided by cycles of concentration minus one, and drift is a small fraction of flow set by the drift eliminators. Total make-up is the sum of evaporation, drift, and blowdown.
Why does the tool flag a Legionella risk zone?
Open cooling towers create warm, aerosolized water that can grow Legionella bacteria. Water between 68 and 113 degrees F is in the temperature band where Legionella pneumophila thrives, so the tool flags this range. Implement an ASHRAE Guideline 12 and Standard 188 water management program with biocide treatment, drift eliminators, and regular testing.
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